Heights of Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates

A record of the heights of the Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates is useful for evaluating what role, if any, height plays in presidential elections. Some observers have noted that the taller of the two major-party candidates tends to prevail, and argue this is due to the public's preference for taller candidates.[1]

The tallest U.S. Presidents were Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon B. Johnson at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm), while the shortest was James Madison at 5 ft 4 in (163 cm).

Barack Obama, the current President, is 6 ft 1 in (185 cm),[2][3] and Joe Biden, the current Vice-President, is 6 ft 0 in (183 cm).[4]

Contents

U.S. Presidents by height order


Rank No President Height Height (cm) refs
1 16 Abraham Lincoln 6 ft 4 in 193 cm [5][6]
1 36 Lyndon B. Johnson 6 ft 4 in 193 cm [6]
3 3 Thomas Jefferson 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm ,[6][7]
4 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm [6]
4 41 George H. W. Bush 6 ft 2 in 188 cm ,[6][8]
4 42 Bill Clinton 6 ft 2 in 188 cm ,[6][8][9]
7 1 George Washington 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm [10]
8 7 Andrew Jackson 6 ft 1 in 185 cm ,[6][11]
8 40 Ronald Reagan 6 ft 1 in 185 cm [6]
8 44 Barack Obama 6 ft 1 in 185 cm ,[2][3]
11 5 James Monroe 6 ft 0 in 183 cm ,[6][12]
11 10 John Tyler 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [6]
11 15 James Buchanan 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [6]
11 20 James A. Garfield 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [6]
11 21 Chester A. Arthur 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [6]
11 29 Warren G. Harding 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [6]
11 35 John F. Kennedy 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [6]
11 38 Gerald Ford 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [6][13]
19 27 William Howard Taft 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [14]
19 31 Herbert Hoover 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [15]
19 37 Richard Nixon 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm ,[6][13]
19 43 George W. Bush 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [16][17]
23 22 Grover Cleveland 5 ft 11 in 180 cm [6]
23 28 Woodrow Wilson 5 ft 11 in 180 cm ,[6][18]
25 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm [6]
26 14 Franklin Pierce 5 ft 10 in 178 cm [6]
26 17 Andrew Johnson 5 ft 10 in 178 cm [6]
26 26 Theodore Roosevelt 5 ft 10 in 178 cm ,[6][12]
26 30 Calvin Coolidge 5 ft 10 in 178 cm [6]
30 39 Jimmy Carter 5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm ,[6][13]
31 13 Millard Fillmore 5 ft 9 in 175 cm [6]
31 33 Harry S. Truman 5 ft 9 in 175 cm [6]
33 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm [6][19]
34 9 William Henry Harrison 5 ft 8 in 173 cm [6]
34 11 James K. Polk 5 ft 8 in 173 cm ,[6][20]
34 12 Zachary Taylor 5 ft 8 in 173 cm ,[6][12]
34 18 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ft 8 in 173 cm [21]
38 6 John Quincy Adams 5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm [22]
39 2 John Adams 5 ft 7 in 170 cm ,[6][23]
39 25 William McKinley 5 ft 7 in 170 cm [6]
41 23 Benjamin Harrison 5 ft 6 in 168 cm [24]
41 8 Martin Van Buren 5 ft 6 in 168 cm [25]
43 4 James Madison 5 ft 4 in 163 cm [6][26]

Trends

The average height of the 43 men who have been President is 70.8 inches (180 cm). Over time there has been a slightly rising trend in this average, reflecting the increased height of the general U.S. population, although some of the tallest Presidents are from early United States history. The average height of male Americans nationwide in 2005 was 5 ft 9.2 in (69.2 in; 175.8 cm).[27]

Electoral success as a function of height

Various folk wisdoms about U.S. presidential politics put forward the view that the taller of the two major-party candidates always wins or almost always wins since the advent of the televised presidential debate. A study of the numbers reveals these claims are exaggerated at best.

As the chart below shows, in the 28 presidential elections between 1790 and 2011, 18 of the winning candidates have been taller than their opponents, while 8 have been shorter, and 2 have been of the same height. The claims about taller candidates winning almost all modern presidential elections is still pervasive, however. Examples of such views include:

A comparison of the heights of the winning presidential candidate with the losing candidate from each election since 1789 is provided below to evaluate such views.

Comparative table of heights of United States presidential candidates

  Tallest candidate was inaugurated    Tallest candidate was not inaugurated 
  Winner and tallest opponent were of the same height   Comparison data unavailable 
Election Winner
in Electoral College		 Height Main opponent(s)
during election		 Height Difference
2008 Barack Obama 6 ft 1 in 185 cm John McCain[35] 5 ft 9 in 175 cm 4 in 10 cm
2004 George W. Bush 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm John Kerry[13] 6 ft 4 in 193 cm 4½ in 11 cm
2000 George W. Bush 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Al Gore*[8][36] 6 ft 1 in 185 cm 1½ in 3 cm
1996 Bill Clinton 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Bob Dole[37] 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm ½ in 1 cm
1992 Bill Clinton 6 ft 2 in 188 cm George H.W. Bush 6 ft 2 in 188 cm 0 in 0 cm
1988 George H.W. Bush 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Michael Dukakis[38] 5 ft 8 in 173 cm 6 in 15 cm
1984 Ronald Reagan 6 ft 1 in 185 cm Walter Mondale[8] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 2 in 5 cm
1980 Ronald Reagan 6 ft 1 in 185 cm Jimmy Carter 5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm 3½ in 8 cm
1976 Jimmy Carter 5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm Gerald Ford 6 ft 0 in 183 cm 2½ in 6 cm
1972 Richard Nixon 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm George McGovern[13][39] 6 ft 1 in 185 cm 1½ in 3 cm
1968 Richard Nixon 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Hubert Humphrey[39] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 6 ft 4 in 193 cm Barry Goldwater[39] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 5 in 13 cm
1960 John F. Kennedy 6 ft 0 in 183 cm Richard Nixon 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm ½ in 1 cm
1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm Adlai Stevenson II[39] 5 ft 10 in 178 cm ½ in 1 cm
1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm Adlai Stevenson II 5 ft 10 in 178 cm ½ in 1 cm
1948 Harry S. Truman 5 ft 9 in 175 cm Thomas Dewey[38][39] 5 ft 8 in 173 cm 1 in 2 cm
1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Thomas Dewey 5 ft 8 in 173 cm 6 in 15 cm
1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Wendell Willkie[39][40] 6 ft 2 in 188 cm 0 in 0 cm
1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Alfred Landon[39] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 3 in 8 cm
1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Herbert Hoover 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm 2½ in 6 cm
1928 Herbert Hoover 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Al Smith[39] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm
1924 Calvin Coolidge 5 ft 10 in 178 cm John W. Davis[39] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 1 in 2 cm
1920 Warren G. Harding 6 ft 0 in 183 cm James M. Cox[41] 5 ft 6 in 168 cm 6 in 15 cm
1916 Woodrow Wilson 5 ft 11 in 180 cm Charles Evans Hughes[39] 5 ft 10 in 178 cm 1 in 2 cm
1912 Woodrow Wilson 5 ft 11 in 180 cm William Howard Taft 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm ½ in 2 cm
Theodore Roosevelt 5 ft 10 in 178 cm 1 in 2 cm
1908 William Howard Taft 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm William Jennings Bryan[42][43][44][45] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm
1904 Theodore Roosevelt 5 ft 10 in 178 cm Alton B. Parker[39] 5 ft 9 in 175 cm 1 in 3 cm
1900 William McKinley 5 ft 7 in 170 cm William Jennings Bryan 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 4 in 10 cm
1896 William McKinley 5 ft 7 in 170 cm William Jennings Bryan 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 4 in 10 cm
1892 Grover Cleveland 5 ft 11 in 180 cm Benjamin Harrison 5 ft 6 in 168 cm 5 in 12 cm
1888 Benjamin Harrison 5 ft 6 in 168 cm Grover Cleveland* 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 5 in 12 cm
1884 Grover Cleveland 5 ft 11 in 180 cm James G. Blaine[46] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 0 in 0 cm
1880 James A. Garfield 6 ft 0 in 183 cm Winfield Hancock[47] 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm 1½ in 4 cm
1876 Rutherford B. Hayes 5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm Samuel Tilden*[48] 5 ft 10 in 178 cm 1½ in 4 cm
1872 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Horace Greeley[49] 5 ft 10 in 178 cm 2 in 5 cm
1868 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Horatio Seymour      
1864 Abraham Lincoln 6 ft 4 in 193 cm George B. McClellan[50] 5 ft 8 in 173 cm 8 in 20 cm
1860 Abraham Lincoln 6 ft 4 in 193 cm John C. Breckinridge[51]
Stephen A. Douglas[52]		 6 ft 2 in
5 ft 4 in		 188 cm
163 cm		 2 in
12 in		 5 cm
30 cm
1856 James Buchanan 72 in6 ft 0 in 183 cm Millard Fillmore
John C. Frémont[53]		 69 in5 ft 9 in
5 ft 9 in		 175 cm
175 cm		 3 in
3 in		 8 cm
8 cm
1852 Franklin Pierce 5 ft 10 in 178 cm Winfield Scott[54] 6 ft 5 in 196 cm 7 in 18 cm
1848 Zachary Taylor 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Lewis Cass[55] 5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm ½ in 1 cm
1844 James K. Polk 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Henry Clay[56] 6 ft 1 in 185 cm 5 in 13 cm
1840 William Henry Harrison 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Martin Van Buren 5 ft 6 in 168 cm 2 in 5 cm
1836 Martin Van Buren 66 in5 ft 6 in 168 cm Hugh Lawson White[57]
William Henry Harrison		 5 ft 11 in
68 in5 ft 8 in		 180 cm
173 cm		 5 in
2 in		 12 cm
5 cm
1832 Andrew Jackson 6 ft 1 in 185 cm Henry Clay 6 ft 1 in 185 cm 0 in 0 cm
1828 Andrew Jackson 6 ft 1 in 185 cm John Quincy Adams 5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm 5½ in 14 cm
1824 John Quincy Adams 5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm William H. Crawford[58][59]
Andrew Jackson*
Henry Clay		 6 ft 3 in
73 in6 ft 1 in
73 in6 ft 1 in		 191 cm
185 cm
185 cm		 7½ in
5½ in
5½ in		 20 cm
14 cm
14 cm
1820 James Monroe† 6 ft 0 in 183 cm          
1816 James Monroe 6 ft 0 in 183 cm Rufus King        
1812 James Madison 5 ft 4 in 163 cm De Witt Clinton[60] 6 ft 3 in 191 cm 11 in 28 cm
1808 James Madison 5 ft 4 in 163 cm Charles C. Pinckney        
1804 Thomas Jefferson 74.5 in6 ft 2½ in 189 cm Charles C. Pinckney        
1800 Thomas Jefferson 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm John Adams 5 ft 7 in 170 cm 7½ in 19 cm
1796 John Adams 5 ft 7 in 170 cm Thomas Jefferson 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm 7½ in 19 cm
1792 George Washington† 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm          
1789 George Washington† 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm          

Note:

* Lost the Electoral Vote, but received more popular votes.

† Ran unopposed

Statistical breakdown

For the 49 contested elections in which the heights of all the major-party candidates are known, the tallest candidate won 26 times (about 53 percent of the elections), a shorter candidate won 19 times (about 39 percent of the elections), and the winning candidate and tallest opponent were of the same height four times (about eight percent of the elections).

The tallest candidate has won 19 of 28 elections since 1900 but, conversely, between the 1789 and 1924 elections, shorter candidates won 15 elections while the tallest candidates won only 11.

One important point to note is that there have been three cases where the tallest candidate received more popular votes than the shorter, winning candidate but lost the election at the electoral college. This occurred in the 1876, 1888 and 2000 elections; the tallest candidate still did not receive the most votes in the other election where an opponent won more votes than the winner (1824). This means that the tallest candidate has won the majority of popular votes 29 times (about 59 percent) and a shorter candidate has done this only 16 times (about 33 percent).

These figures lend some support to the belief that the taller candidate prevails in presidential elections, but the win-loss margin is smaller than what has been suggested in the above-mentioned sources.

Outcome Electoral vote winner Popular vote winner
Tallest candidate among the major parties wins 53 percent of the time 59 percent of the time
A shorter candidate wins 39 percent of the time 33 percent of the time
Winner and tallest opponent same height 8 percent of the time 8 percent of the time

Extremes

The tallest President elected to office was Abraham Lincoln (6 ft 4 in or 193 cm); the tallest President to originally enter the office by means other than election was Lyndon B. Johnson (6 ft 4 in or 193 cm). The shortest President elected to office was James Madison (5 ft 4 in or 163 cm); the shortest President to originally enter the office by means other than election is tied between Millard Fillmore and Harry S. Truman (both were 5 ft 9 in or 175 cm).

The tallest unsuccessful presidential candidate (who is also the tallest of all presidential candidates) is Winfield Scott, who stood at 6 ft 5 in (196 cm) and lost the 1852 election to Franklin Pierce, who stood at 5 ft 10 in (178 cm). The second tallest unsuccessful candidate is John Kerry, at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm). The shortest unsuccessful presidential candidate is Stephen A. Douglas, at 5 ft 4 in (163 cm). The next shortest is tied between two sitting Presidents, Martin Van Buren and Benjamin Harrison, who lost their respective elections in 1840 and 1892 and were both 5 ft 6 in (168 cm).

The largest height difference between two presidential candidates (out of the candidates whose heights are known) was in the 1860 election, when Abraham Lincoln stood 12 inches (30 cm) taller than opponent Stephen A. Douglas. The second-largest difference was in the 1812 election, with De Witt Clinton standing 11 inches (28 cm) taller than incumbent James Madison.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As some examples,USA TODAY listed height among six criteria for predicting who would win the 2004 election; a Washington Post blog noted the significance of height in physical appearance and its effect on voters. See the discussion of this phenomenon later in the article for further examples.
  2. ^ a b Office of the Press Secretary (February 28, 2010). "Release of the President's Medical Exam". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/potus_med_exam_feb2010.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-01. 
  3. ^ a b Mann, Simon (March 2, 2010). "Fit for duty: Obama gets clean bill of health". Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Digital). http://www.smh.com.au/world/fit-for-duty-obama-gets-clean-bill-of-health-20100301-pdjr.html. Retrieved 2010-03-01. 
  4. ^ "Race to the White House 2008: Vice Presidential Candidates". www.biography.com. http://www.biography.com/elections/vice_presidents.jsp. Retrieved 2009-10-30. 
  5. ^ Braden, Waldo W.,Abraham Lincoln, LSU Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8071-1852-4
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Kane, Joseph (1993). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. pp. 344–45. ISBN 0824208455. 
  7. ^ Macdonald, Zanne (July 1992). "Physical Descriptions of Thomas Jefferson". Monticello Report. Monticello Research Department. http://www.monticello.org/reports/people/descriptions.html. Retrieved 2009-05-17. 
  8. ^ a b c d Page, Susan (2004-06-23). "Time-tested formulas suggest both Bush and Kerry will win on Nov. 2". USA TODAY. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-06-23-bush-kerry-cover_x.htm. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 
  9. ^ Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). "Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973. 
  10. ^ Various sources have put Washington's height between 6 ft and 6 ft 3 in. See: Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 2010, The Penguin Press HC ISBN 1594202664; Wilson, Woodrow, George Washington, 2004, Cosimo, Inc., p. 111; Alden, John Richard, George Washington: A Biography, 1984, Louisiana State University Press, p. 11; Lodge, Henry Cabot, George Washington, Vol. I, 2007, The Echo Library, p. 30; Haworth, Paul Leland, George Washington, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 119; Thayer, William Roscoe, George Washington, 1931, Plain Label Books, p. 65
  11. ^ Remini, Robert V., Andrew Jackson, HarperCollins, 1969, p. 15. ISBN 0-06-080132-8
  12. ^ a b c Whitcomb, John and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, Routledge (UK), 2002. ISBN 0-415-93951-8
  13. ^ a b c d e Tossey, Lisa D. (2004). "Is presidential race a simple matter of standing tall?". The Pendulum Online. http://www.elon.edu/e-web/pendulum/Issues/2004/onlinefeatures/election/tall.xhtml. Retrieved 2009-04-19. 
  14. ^ Sotos, John G. Taft and Pickwick: sleep apnea in the White House. Chest. 2003;124:1133-1142.Online copy
  15. ^ Nash, George H., The Life of Herbert Hoover, W.W. Norton & Company, 1988. ISBN 0-393-02550-0.Google Print
  16. ^ "Report on President Bush's Physical Examination". New York Times. August 2, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/02/washington/02bush-physical.html. 
  17. ^ "Medical History Summary: President George W. Bush". FindLaw. August 7, 2007. http://news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/gwbush/gwbush80707medicalhistory.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02. 
  18. ^ Levin, Phyllis Lee, Edith & Woodrow: the Wilson White House, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-1158-8 Google Print
  19. ^ Davison, Kenneth E (1972). The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Inc. p. 69. ISBN 0837162750. 
  20. ^ Behrman, Carol H.James K. Polk, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8225-1396-X
  21. ^ King, Charles, The True Ulysses Grant, Philadelphia & London, J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1914.Google Print
  22. ^ Levy, Debbie,John Quincy Adams, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004, p. 28. ISBN 0-8225-0825-7
  23. ^ Ferling, John E., John Adams: A Life, Owl Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-4576-7, p. 169.Google Print
  24. ^ Loderhouse, Gary and Nelson Price, William Addison Hunter, Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana, Emmis Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57860-097-9 Google Print
  25. ^ Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, Times Books, 2005, p. 2. ISBN 0-8050-6922-4
  26. ^ Phillips, Louis, Ask Me Anything About the Presidents, HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0-380-76426-1
  27. ^ Average Height for a Man Statistics 2005
  28. ^ Postrel, Virginia, "Going to Great Lengths," New York Times, August 31, 2003.
  29. ^ Los Angeles Times, Mar 25, 1988, pg. 7
  30. ^ Lowndes, Leil, How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997, pp.174-175. ISBN 0-8092-2989-7 Google Print
  31. ^ Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmoderns, edited by D.A. Carson, Zondervan, 2002, p. 83. ISBN 0-310-24334-3 Google Print
  32. ^ Kleinke, Chris L., First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others, Prentice-Hall, 1975, p. 13. ISBN 0-13-318428-5 Google Print
  33. ^ Clifford, Brian R. and Ray Bull, The Psychology of Person Identification, Routledge & K. Paul, 1978, p. 115. ISBN 0-7100-8867-1. Print
  34. ^ Etcoff, Nancy, Survival of the Prettiest, New York, Anchor Books, 1999. ISBN 0-385-47942-5
  35. ^ "John McCain Medical Records". The Washington Post: p. 7. 2008-05-23. http://i.usatoday.net/news/mmemmottpdf/mccain-health-pool-report-5-23-2008.pdf. Retrieved 23 February 2009. "height: 175.3 CM, weight: 78.93 KG, BMI: 25.68" 
  36. ^ "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post. 1999-08-03. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/tall080399.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-27. 
  37. ^ The Washington Post listed Dole at 6'2"/1.88 m, USA TODAY listed him at 6'1"/1.85 m
  38. ^ a b Dowd, Maureen (1992-06-21). "Where They Stand". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/21/style/where-they-stand.html. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.. p. 20. ISBN 0-918296-15-3. 
  40. ^ Barnard, Ellsworth (1971). Wendell Willkie: Fighter for Freedom. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 47. ISBN 0870230883. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=xurZhUonAMAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=wendell+willkie&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2010-03-07. 
  41. ^ Morris, Charles E. (1920). Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 9. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SF7pOVvN7VcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
  42. ^ Gillis, Too Tall, Too Small, p. 20. Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm).
  43. ^ Edwards, Rebecca; DeFeo, Sarah (2000). "William Jennings Bryan". 1896: The Presidential Campaign. Vassar College. http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/bryan.html. Retrieved 2009-04-20.  Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm).
  44. ^ Wilson, Charles Morrow (1970). The Commoner: William Jennings Bryan. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. p. 40.  Lists his height as 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) during his second year in college.
  45. ^ Springen, Donald K. (1991). William Jennings Bryan: Orator of Small-Town America. Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 0313259771. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vvB2AAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s.  Lists his height as 6 ft 0 in (183 cm).
  46. ^ Records of his height have been difficult to obtain. In one biography, he was described as "just under six feet in height". While not a definitive record of his height, this description does allow us to presume he was at least comparable in height to Cleveland. See Crawford, Thomas Clark (1893). James G. Blaine: A Study of his Life and Career, from the Standpoint of a Personal Witness of the Principal Events in his History. Edgewood Publishing Co.. p. 26. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8T8OAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s&pgis=1. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
  47. ^ Jordan, David M. (1988). Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0253365805. 
  48. ^ Bigelow, John (1895). The Life of Samuel Tilden (vol. 1). New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 283. 
  49. ^ Stoddart, Henry Luther (1946). Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 38. 
  50. ^ Eckenrode, Hamilton James; Bryan Conrad (1941). George B. McClellan, the man who saved the Union. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=dHsBAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s&pgis=1. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
  51. ^ Davis, William C. (1974). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0807100684. 
  52. ^ Johanssen, Robert W. (1973). Stephen A. Douglas. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. 
  53. ^ Life of John Charles Fremont. New York: Greeley & McElrath. 1856. p. 31. http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjohncharle00greerich. Retrieved 2009-07-06. 
  54. ^ Heidler, David Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Naval Institute Press. p. 464. ISBN 1591143624. http://books.google.com/books?id=_c09EJgek50C&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=winfield+scott+height&source=bl&ots=MAagZuJady&sig=93MlE859Ya4rzFDYxqWg2LIA3HE&hl=en&ei=QegPSurGHcKHkAWly_muBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#PPA464,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-17. 
  55. ^ According to Cass's biography, he was "about five foot eight or nine inches". See Woodford, Frank B. (1950). Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian. New Brunswick and New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 32. 
  56. ^ Seymour, Chas C. B. (1858). Self-made men. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 137. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=PaH8F0-HeToC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2009-07-06. 
  57. ^ Scott, Nancy N. (1856). A Memoir of Hugh Lawson White, Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, Member of the Senate of the United States, etc., etc.. Michigan: J. B. Lippincott & Co.. p. 243. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=0CbKkRjp7_4C&dq=hugh+lawson+white&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2009-06-25. 
  58. ^ Mooney, Chase Curran (1974). William H. Crawford, 1772-1834. Michigan: University of Kentucky Press. p. 7. ISBN 0813112702. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XS13AAAAMAAJ&q=william+h.+crawford&dq=william+h.+crawford&pgis=1. Retrieved 2009-06-25. 
  59. ^ One biography of Crawford describes his stature as being "considerably over six feet". See Butler, Benjamin F. (1824). Sketches of the Life and Character of William H. Crawford. Albany: Packard and Benthuysen. p. 35. 
  60. ^ Cornog, Evan, The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828, ISBN 0-19-514051-6

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